نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار گروه معماری، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران.
2 دانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Architectural decorative motifs and their executive techniques in mosques, in general and particularly in the historical mosques of Khorasan, have not only served an aesthetic function but have also played a significant role in conveying sacred and spiritual concepts. However, few comprehensive and periodized studies have undertaken a comparative analysis of the evolutionary trajectory of these decorative motifs and techniques within the context of historical developments. This research aims to analyze the course of this evolution in the architectural ornamentation of Khorasan's mosques from the Seljuk to the Safavid period, seeking to identify the predominant motifs in each era and elucidate their relationship with contemporary executive techniques. Accordingly, two primary research questions have been formulated: First, which motifs exhibited the highest prevalence in the mosques of Khorasan across different historical periods? And second, what were the executive techniques employed in the ornamental features of these mosques, and what was the distribution of their usage? The present study proceeds from the premise that each historical period, influenced by its specific conditions, presented distinct repertoires of motifs and techniques, thereby engendering either an evolutionary or a transformative trend in mosque decoration. The research methodology is historical-analytical, with data gathered through documentary study, field surveys, and analysis of extant artifacts. From a total of 55 identified mosques, a sample of 32 mosques was selected, classified, and analyzed according to four historical periods. The findings indicate that geometric patterns and epigraphic bands (inscriptions) were prominently present throughout all periods, with nearly all decorative motifs falling into these two categories; although geometric motifs consistently maintained a position of decorative dominance. Specifically, geometric patterns were the predominant decorative element during the Seljuk and Khwarazmian periods. In the Ilkhanid period, the prevalence of inscriptions increased, approaching that of geometric motifs. During the Timurid era, the use of geometric motifs surged once again to its peak. In the Safavid period, given the relatively equal utilization of various decorative motifs, no single dominant motif is distinctly observable. From the perspective of executive techniques for ornamentation, the results demonstrate variations in the extent of usage for brickwork, stucco carving, tilework, and stone masonry across different eras. Brickwork was the predominant technique in the Seljuk and Khwarazmian periods. Stucco carving gained prominence during the Ilkhanid period. In the Timurid era, the techniques of stucco carving and tilework were the most recurrent ornaments in Khorasan's mosques. Furthermore, during this period, stone masonry emerged as a novel decorative technique, acquiring a distinct status which, by the Safavid period, established itself as a frequently employed ornament. In the Safavid period, due to the concurrent application of all executive techniques, no single dominant technique is markedly evident.
کلیدواژهها [English]
)