Gender, as one of the most important social structures in all societies, has always been considered a factor for social stratification, so that in addition to racial, class, ethnic and religious inequalities, we can also talk about gender inequalities, this means the position of women is unequal compared to men in various fields. Travelogues are sources that provide valuable information about gender structure and society's attitude towards it. Tourists' curiosity about the condition of women has caused many questions to arise in their minds and this issue is also reflected in their works. On the other hand, the use of pictures as a decorative element in buildings and manuscripts to convey a special message has always been important. The paintings of the Safavid period should be considered as one of the sources for understanding the society of that period. The scenes that include the figures of women can be seen in different forms and with various subjects in the art of Islamic Iran. The aim of this research is the comparative study of the concept of gender in the Safavid era by referring to archaeological and historical evidence. The question raised in this research is, what is the difference between the evidence related to the archeology of gender in the Safavid period and its historical evidence? The research method of the present study is descriptive-analytical. The results of this research show that there is a significant difference between the archaeological evidence during the Safavid period and its historical evidence. In historical sources and texts, the cultural limitations of women's presence in the community of unmarried men have been seriously emphasized, but these cultural limitations and religious excuses are not evident in archaeological evidence.